120 Rules (English):
#Rule1
🔷Each - pronoun , adjective
(2,2+)
🔷Every - adjective (2+)
🔸Each student is very talented (adj) ✅
🔸Every student is very talented (adj) ✅
🔸Each of my students is very talented (pronoun) ✅
🔸Every of my students is very talented (pronoun) ❌
Ex :🔆 I have a marker in every hand ✋ ❌
🔆I have a marker in each hand ✋ ✅
#Rule2
🔷"Both" and "not" cannot be used together
Ex: 🔆Both ram and shyam are not going to visit this place again❌
🔆Neither ram nor shyam is going to visit this place again ✅
#Rule3
🌀Based on relative pronoun
Who/whom -----person ,domestic animal
Which ------animal, non living things
That ----- all
🔷The word "same" used in the sentence only "that" is used as a relative pronoun
Ex : 🔆This is the book which you were reading yesterday ✅
🔆This is the same book which you were reading yesterday ❌
🔆This is the same book that you were reading yesterday ✅
#Rule4
🌀Based on conditional sentence
🔘if + simple past ------ would+v1
🔘if + past perfect -----would + have +v3
Ex : 🔆if I had a car, he would gift it to her ✅
🔆If I had had a car, he would have gifted it to her ✅
#Rule5
🌀Relative pronoun agree with preceded noun
Ex:🔆 she is one of the mothers who are really working very hard to make both ends meet ✅
🌀Only one -----singular
🔆This is only one of the novels which are interesting❌
🔆This is only one of the novels which is interesting ✅
#Rule6
🌀If there is a combination of "number + unit + noun/adj "
We always use singular form of the unit.
Ex: 🔆He gave me two five hundred rupees notes❌
🔆 He gave me two five hundred rupee notes✅
🔷Number unit
🔸 sufficient (plural)
🔸 not sufficient (singular)
🔘I have five rupees (sufficient)✅
🔘He had two dozens ❌
🔘He had two dozen✅
🌀Units ----- Ascending order ( one, tens, hundreds, thousands)
Ex: 🔆lakhs of thousands of students took the test❌
🔆 Thousands of lakhs of students took the test✅
#Rule7
🌀Amount
Speed.
Height. --------> one (singular) Weight. Various (plural)
Ex: 🔆Ten miles need to be covered completely on foot❌
🔆Ten miles needs to be covered completely on foot✅
(one mode)
Ex: 🔆Five hundred rupees was spent on food and entertainment (various)❌
🔆 Five hundred rupees were spent on food and entertainment (various)✅
#Rule8
🔸Gold is more precious than all metal ❌
🔸Gold is more precious than any other metal ✅
🌀In first sentence Gold is itself a metal and is being compared with all metals which include even gold as a metal
"Gold is more precious than gold" which makes the sentence wrong
🌀In second sentence gold is compared with any other metal which means gold is precious than any metal other than gold .
Ex : 🔆diamond is more precious than all metal ✅
🔆Diamond is non metal is compared to all metal.
#Rule9
✳Preposition of time
🔸For is used for "duration"
🔸Since is used to denote "point of start "
🌀Since, for ----main clause (perfect / perfect continuous) subordinate clause ----simple past
Ex :🔆 I am waiting for him since the time I had completed my graduation ❌
🔆 I had been waiting for him since the time I completed my graduation ✅
#Rule10
🌀Whenever two action occurs in past
🔸The action (earlier) ---past perfect (had +v3)
🔸Action (later) ----simple past (v2, did+v1)
Ex: 🔆I had finished the work after we met him❌
🔆 I finished the work after we had met him✅
#Rule11
🛑We use possessive adjective before a gerund
🌀Possessive adjective -----my, our, his, her, their, your, its
Ex: 🔆my father doesn't like me going outside with raveena ❌
🔆my father doesn't like my going outside with raveena✅
#Rule12
🛑Law of inversion
🔷complete
🔷partial
🌀Partial --- adverb + helping verb + sub + main verb
🌀Complete ---adverb + main verb
Ex:🔆 Rarely he did go there ❌
🔆Rarely did he go there✅
#Rule13
🌀Primary purpose(temple,school,college,church,court,hospital etc)before never use article
🌀Secondary purpose use article
Ex :🔆 He goes to the temple ❌
🔆He goes to temple ✅
#Rule14
No sooner -------than
Hardly , scarcely ----------when
Not only ------but also
Neither -------nor
Either ----- or
#Rule15
🛑Reflexive pronoun followed by object
🌀Reflexive pronoun -------enjoy, avail, absent, pride, adjust, acquit
Ex: 🔆He enjoyed at the party ❌
(There is no object in this sentence. Enjoy is must followed by object )
🔆He enjoyed himself at the party✅
🌀Hid ,hide, keep, stop, turn, bathe never followed by object of the reflexive pronoun
Ex:🔆He hid himself in the cave and his saved his life ❌
🔆He hid in the cave and his saved his life ✅
#Rule16
🔷As well as
together with
along with
Not
In addition to
Unlike
Verbs agrees with first subject
Ex: 🔆Ram as well as his friends keep asking me many questions ❌
🔆Ram as well as his friends keeps asking me many questions✅
#Rule17
🛑Advise/ce
🔆Advise - verb
Eg - I advise u to stop smoking
🔆Advice - noun
Eg- i need ur advice on which car to buy
🔷I advise u to follow my advice
🛑Practice/se
🔆Practise - verb
Eg - I want to practise my English
🔆Practice- noun
Eg - I had done my practice session
🔷 I should practise my workouts in the practice area.
#Rule18
✳The cases of personal pronoun
🔷 subjective
🔷 objective
Subjective. I Objective
He I Him
She I Her
It. I It
They. I Them
I I Me
We. I Us
You I You
🌀Comparison are usually done between the same things. So whenever we compare,subjective case with subjective case
Objective case with objective case
Ex: 🔆She is taller than me❌
🔆She is taller than I✅
#Rule19
🔷Each other -----2
🔷One another ---- more than2
Ex : 🔆All citizens should love each other ❌
🔆All citizens should love one another ✅
🔆Peter and Mary helped each other ✅
#Rule20
✳Who vs Whom
🔷"Who" is used as a subjective pronoun .
🔷"Whom" is used as an objective pronoun .
Subjective. I Objective
He I Him
She I Her
It. I It
They. I Them
I I Me
We. I Us
You I You
Ex : 🔆She is one of the professors who I think is a mathematician ✅
🔆He is the man whom everyone admires .✅
#Rule21
✳Certain words like "seperation,excuse, mention, favour, pardon, leave, sight " don't take any possessive case before them.
🌀Possessive case ----->your,his ,her, their, my, our
Ex : 🔆Your separation pains me a lot and I become sad. ❌
🔆Separation from you pains me a lot and I become sad. ✅
#Rule22
✳Based on Seldom
Seldom is an adverb so law of inversion(h.verb+sub) is used.
🌀Adverb +Helping verb + main verb
Ex: 🔆seldom or never he comes to my home. ❌
🔆Seldom or never does he come to my home ✅
🔷Seldom or never ✅
🔷Seldom or ever ❌
🔷Seldom if ever ✅
#Rule23
🌀Whenever we use "very" with superlative degree ,article the is always used before "very".
(i.e) The very superlative
🌀Whenever we use "much" with superlative degree, article the is always used before the superlative. (i.e) much the superlative
Ex : 🔆He is the much best student of my class ❌
🔆He is the very best student of my class ✅ or He is much the best student of my class ✅
#Rule24
✳Based on the word enough
Enough plays the role of both adjective and adverb .
🌀When it is used as an adjective ,it qualifies the noun or pronoun . Enough is placed before noun------ " Enough Noun"
Ex. :🔆He has enough sugar (adj) ✅
🌀When it is used as an adverb, it qualifies the adjective . Enough is placed after adjective ------ "Adjective Enough "
Ex : 🔆He is smart enough(adv) ✅
#Rule25
✳The use of adverb "as"
🌀"as" can be used as an adverb with these words ------ define, regard, treat, describe, respect, depict, portray, view, know etc
🌀"as" cannot be used as an adverb with these words --- elect, name, think, consider,call ,make, choose, appoint etc
Ex : 🔆She is elected as a president ❌
🔆He is treated as a child ✅
🔆He is regarded as god in India ✅
#Rule26
✳The use of conjunction "although"
Although meaning "inspite of something"
🌀Although is followed by either comma(,) or yet .
Although is doesn't followed by But .
Ex : 🔆although she is rich , yet she thinks twice before spending a Penny ✅
🔆Although she is rich , she thinks twice before spending a Penny ✅
🔆Although she is rich, but thinks twice before spending a Penny ❌
#Rule27
✳Certain verbs which do not exist in "----ing" form.
🌀Own ,belong ,love ,smell, taste Know ,see ,think,have etc
Ex : 🔆He is very loving person
(adj) ✅
🔆I am loving it. (verb) ❌
🔆I am owning a car ❌
🔆 I own a car✅
#Rule28
✳There are certain words which are always used in a perfect tense
🌀" ever, never ,yet already, just now, now, until ,always, often, occasionally, lately, recently ,up to now "
Ex: 🔆He went there already❌
🔆He had gone there already ✅
#Rule29
✳Sub - verb agreement with collective noun
🌀When a collective noun denotes that the whole group is working together on the same task ,we use singular verb.
Ex : 🔆The audience is watching the movie [every audience is watching together ]
🌀When a collective noun denotes that the whole group is working together on the different task, we use a plural verb.
Ex :🔆 the army are changing their dresses ✅
🔆The audience are taking the seats ✅
#Rule30
✳Certain words which are always followed by preposition "to"
🌀Prefer,superior,junior,injurious,inferior,addicted ,senior,known ,marry
Ex: 🔆I prefer tea than coffee ❌
🔆 I prefer tea to coffee✅
🔆Ram is married to seeta✅
🔆 I am known by him❌
🔆 I am known to him✅
#Rule31
🌀as ______ as
so ______ as
These blanks are filled up with the adjective of the positive degree.
🔘as good as ✅
🔘as better as ❌
🔘as best as❌
🌀"as ----- as " can be used to both positive and negative sentence while "So ------ as" can only be used only to denote the negative sentence.
🔆He is so good as ram❌
🔆He is as good as ram✅
🔆He is not as good as ram✅
🔆He is not so good as ram✅
#Rule32
🌀In a sentence depicting comparison ,whenever the word "times" comes up, it never followed by a comparative degree .
🔘Times ----- comparative ❌
🔘Twice ------ comparative ✅
Ex : 🔆This book is three times larger than that book. ❌
🔆 This book is three times as large as that book ✅
🔆 It is twice costly than that❌
🔆 It is twice costlier than that ✅
#Rule33
🌀Whenever "Many , A good many, A great many " are used to quantify a noun, they are always followed by a plural noun and plural verb .
Ex: 🔆Many tigers is missing from the national park.❌
🔆 Many tigers are missing from the national park. ✅
🌀Whenever "Many a" or "more than one" are used to quantify a noun, they are always followed by a singular noun and singular verb .
Ex: 🔆 More than one student are absent today ❌
🔆 More than one student is absent today ✅
🔆 Many a student is absent today ✅
🔆 A great many students are absent today ✅
#Rule34
🌀whenever we get the word "doubt " or "doubtful " in a sentence , we use the connector either "if" or "whether" .
🌀"no doubt" and "not doubtful " , we use connector "that".
Ex : 🔆There is a doubt that he goes there or not ❌
🔆There is a doubt whether he goes or not ✅
🔸I have no doubt whether it will rain or not ❌
🔸I have no doubt that it will rain or not ✅
#Rule35
🌀Honey 🍯 is sweet --------universal truth.
🔸Universal truth should be written in simple presentence.
Ex : 🔆He told me that honey was sweet ❌
🔆He told me that honey is sweet✅
🌀The Honey 🍯 is sweet -------not a universal truth.
Ex: 🔆He told me that the honey is sweet❌
🔆He told me that the honey was sweet✅
#Rule36
🌀Some Superfluousness Errors:
✳Superfluous means that more than required is given in the sentence. It means extra.
Ex : 🔆She left the house with bag and baggage.❌
🔆She left the house, bag and baggage.✅
🔷'Bag and baggage' is an idiom which means 'with all belongings'. Hence, using 'with' with the idiom is
wrong.
Ex: 🔆 I suddenly came across him on the train. ❌
🔆I came across him on the train. ✅
🔷In the above example, omit 'suddenly' as 'come across' means to meet suddenly.
Ex:🔸Final destination
[Destination is always final]
🔸 Rough estimate
[Estimate is always rough]
🔸Rough approximation. [Approximation is always rough; not exact]
🔸Past history. [History is always past]
🔸 Return back. [Return itself means come back]
🔸Coming future. [Future is always coming]
🔸 Reason because.
[Reason itself means cause so]
🔸 Consensus opinion
[Consensus itself means collective opinion or agreement]
🔸 Final conclusion.
[Conclusion is always final]
🔸 previous records.
🔸enter into" is also an example of superfluous error. However, when "enter into" is used as a phrasal verb, it means "investigation".
#Rule37
Ex: 🔆Passing marks are thirty-three. ❌
🔆 Pass marks are thirty-three. ✅
🌀The usage of 'passing marks' , 'Plinking language', linking network' , 'dressing sense' is wrong.
🔘 Instead,we should use 'pass marks' , 'link language',Plink network', 'dress sense'.
#Rule38
🌀Use of Apostrophe Cs)
🔸Apostrophe ('s) is not used with non-living things.
Ex : 🔆Table's legs.❌
🔆Door's bolt.❌
These can be rewritten as:
🔆Legs of the table.✅
🔆Bolt of the door.✅
🛑*NOTE: There are some exceptions to this rule.
🔷When we talk about time, weight,distance,place, idiom, unit, personification, or heavenly body, we can use Apostrophe (' s) with them.
Ex :🔆One week's vacation.✅
🔆Four dollars' worth. ✅
🔆Today's date.✅
🔆Nature's call✅
🌀The following pronouns are already possessive and do not require apostrophes: yours, ours, its, theirs, his, hers, and whose.
#Rule39
🌀certain words like "unique, excellent, perfect, ideal,
entire, complete, Chief, Round Total,Whole, Singular,Rectangular,Square,Excellent,Spherical,Extreme, Annual"
which are never used with "most".
Ex: 🔆He is the most excellent student.❌
🔆He is an excellent student.✅
🔸This is the most unique
product of our company.❌
🔸This is a unique product of our company.✅
#Rule40
🌀Words like "Quite" and "all" are never used together in a sentence.
Ex: 🔆He is quite all well.❌
🔆He is quite well. ✅
🔷Do not get confused with the similar sounding words like.
"Quiet" and "Quite".
🔘Quiet is a Noun which means the state of being silent.
🔘Quite is an Adverb which means completely.
#Rule41
🌀Determination of tense based on words like "ago" and
"before".
🔸 ago------simple past
🔸before------ Past Perfect Tense.
Ex:🔆He had gone two seconds ago.❌
🔆He went two seconds ago.✅
🔆The patient died before the doctor came.❌
🔆The patient had died before the doctor came.✅
#Rule42
🌀Use of Possessive sign.
🔸Common Possession
🔘When two nouns are closely connected or implying the common possession, the possessive sign is put to the latter(last one) .
Ex:1⃣Ram and Shyam's car is being decorated for Balram's marriage.✅
2⃣Ram and Shyam's cars are being decorated for Balram's marriage.✅
🔷 In the first sentence,there is one car which belongs to both Ram and Shyam [Common Possession]
🔷In the second sentence, there is more than one car which belongs to both Ram and Shyam [Common Possession]
🔶Split Possession
🔘Each of two or more connected nouns implying separate possession must take the possessive sign.
Ex:🔆Ram's and Shyam's car is being decorated for Balram's marriage.❌
🔆Ram's and Shyam's cars are being decorated for Balram's marriage.✅
🔷 the possessive sign with
each subject denotes that at least two cars are being decorated one of Ram and other of Shyam (i.e. Ram's car
and Shyam's car) , so a plural noun "cars" is used and it will take a plural verb.
#Rule43
🌀Some common errors of Possession:
🔸We often make mistake by using " it's" in place of "its".
🔷Both these terms have separate meanings.
◾ "It's" denotes "It is"
◾"its" denotes possession.
Ex: 🔆The child is carrying it's book.❌
🔆The child is carrying its book✅
🔆Its called a miracle.❌
🔆It's called a miracle✅
#Rule44
🌀 "A number of" and "The number of":
🔷We use the following structures with these two:
🔴"A number of + Plural Noun + Plural Verb"
🔴" The number of + Plural Noun + Singular Verb"
🔸Similar rule is there for "A variety of" and "The variety of".
Ex: 🔆A number of students are waiting here.✅
🔆 The number of students is fifty.✅
#Rule45
🌀Few and Little
🔸Few -----countable noun.
🔸Little -----uncountable noun.
🔘Few/Little : Hardly, any [It has negative meaning]
🔘A Few/ A Little : some but not many [It has a positive meaning]
🔘 The Few/The Little : All that are available [specific]
🔷Examples for Few
🔆Few members attended the meeting.
◾[Hardly any member attended the meeting.]
🔆There were a few members present.
◾[Some members were present.]
🔆He lost the few friends he had.
◾[All those he had]
🔷Examples for Little
🔆I cannot make tea since there is little milk
◾[Hardly any milk]
🔆A little knowledge is dangerous.
◾[ Some but not much]
🔆 He utilized the little water that was available.
◾ [All that is available]
#Rule46
🌀Use of the phrase "It is time" , "It is high time" or "It is about time":
◾we follow either of the two conditions:
🔷The phrase should be followed by "to + VI" if there is no Subject attached to it.
Ex:🔆It is time to work hard.
🔷If the phrase is directly followed by a Subject, we use the verb form "V2" (past tense) after the subject.
Ex:🔆It is time he worked hard.
#Rule47
🌀Use of preposition with the word "Angry":
🔸Angry with--someone (person)
🔸Angry at --something
Ex:🔆 I am angry at Shyam because he did not go to the class.❌
🔆I am angry with shyam because he didn't go to the class✅
🔆The local residents were angry with the lack of parking spaces.❌
🔆The local residents were angry at the lack of parking spaces. ✅
⭕We follow the same rule with word "Annoy".
#Rule48
🌀Whenever the word "know" is used in a sentence, it is not directly followed by the infinitive "to".
🔘We use the words like "how, when, why, where, etc." to make the sentence grammatically feasible
Ex:🔆I know to write a letter❌
🔆I know how to write a letter ✅
#Rule49
🌀The adverb "else" is always followed by "but" .
while
🌀 the adverbs "other, and rather" are always followed by "than".
🔸else -----But
🔸rather ----than
Ex:🔆It is nothing else but mere foolishness.
🔆 Everybody else has agreed but you.
🔆He met no other person than Ram.
🔆 I think I would rather stay at home this evening than go out.
#Rule50
🌀The words like "sort, type, kind, etc." are always followed by a Singular verb.
Ex:🔆This type of articles is sold in the market.
🔆This sort of camera is very expensive.
🔆Any kind of racism is abhorrent to me.
#Rule51
🌀Use of the prepositions "in" ,"Inside" and "into":
🔷 "inside" implies "movement". Whenever we move from outside to inside we use "inside".
Ex:🔆He tried to get inside her mind.
🔆I came inside the class.
🟢 "Inside out" is completely different from "In" and "Inside".
🔸 "Inside out" which is "completely" .Ex:I know my husband inside out [completely]
🔸one more meaning of "inside out" means "opposite/reverse" . Ex: He is wearing the shirt inside out [opposite]
🔷"in" implies "static" Whenever something referred is already inside, we use "in". Examples:🔆I am in the class.
🔷"into" implies "coming toward something". Whenever we move to a position in or inside something, we use "into". It is also used to show a change in state.
Ex:🔆Come into the house.
🔆can you translate this passage into German?
🔆The fruit can be made into jam.
🔆He jumped into the well.
#Rule52
🌀Use of the prepositions "with" and "by".
🔷we use "with" when we refer non-living things.
Ex:🔆We write with a pen.
[Pen being a non-living thing]
🔆 She wiped her lipstick off with a tissue.
[Tissue being a non-living thing]
🔆He hit the dog with a stick.
[Stick being a non-living thing]
🔷We use "by" when we refer living things.
Ex:🔆The motorcycle was driven by a tiny bald man.
🔆The book was translated by a well-known author.
🚫Exceptional case
🔘Whenever we talk about "watch", we use "by".
Ex: 🔆What is the time by your watch?
🔆She had promised to be back by five o'clock.[referring time]
🔆I have got to be home by seven. [referring time]
#Rule53
🌀We do not use the preposition "from" with the word "start".
Ex:🔆My exams start from Monday❌
🔆My exams start on Monday.✅
🔷In the first sentence, the preposition "from" gives the meaning that my exams will start on Monday, it will again start on Tuesday and it will continue doing so.
*Thus, an event started once cannot start again and again.
To avoid this error,
🔷we use the correct preposition "on" which implies that event has started on Monday only.
Some more examples:
🔆He will start his preparation from Monday.❌
🔆He will start his preparation on Monday. ✅
🔘However, we can rewrite this sentence using 'from" this way:
🔸He will prepare for the exams from Monday.✅
⛔*NOTE: 'from" implies continuation.
#Rule54
🌀In a general case of infinitive we always use the form
"To+ V1".
🔷But in certain special cases, we use the form
"To + V1 +ing".
There are certain words which always follow " To + V1 +ing" form:
🔸 be + used + to
🔸accustomed to
🔸addicted to
🔸with a view to
🔸look forward to
🔸given to
🔸prone to
🔸devoted to
🔸in addition to
🔸confess to
🔸disposed to
🔸come to
Ex:🔆She was given to staying in bed till lunchtime.
🔆These measures have been taken with a view to increasing the company's profits.
⛔*NOTE: When we use the form "Vi+ing" as a noun, it is
called Gerund.
#Rule55
🌀The choice between the two indefinite articles 'a' & 'an' - is determined by sound.
🔸Words beginning with consonant sounds are preceded by `a' .
and
🔸words beginning with vowel sounds are preceded by 'an'.
Vowels - a, e, i, o, and u
Consonants - b, c, d, f,z
Ex:🔆An NCC cadet.[Vowel sounding word]
🔆A UNICEF participating nation. [Consonant sounding word]
🔆An umbrella. [Vowel sounding word]
🔆An M. Tech. graduate [Vowel sounding word]
🔆A utensil.[Consonant sounding word]
🔆A European university[Consonant sounding word]
🔆A University/ A Uniform
🔆A one-rupee note/A Union/A one-eyed girl.
🔷A year. [exception] [With every word that starts with "y" and "w" we use arti-
cle "a"]
#Rule56
🌀Usage of definite ARTICLE "The":
🔸Things which are "unique" in themselves:
(ex: name of oceans, rivers, seas, deserts, aeroplanes, musical instruments, name of the government organisation, etc)
🔘The Himalayas
🔘The guitar 🎸
🔘The society, The judiciary
🔸Name of the newspapers.
🔘The Hindu
🔘The times of India
🔸Names of Countries (Only the ones which are written in Abbreviated forms) :
🔘The USA.
🔘The UK.
🔘The UAE.
🔸Names of the states
🔘The Tamilnadu.
🔸Superlative Degree:The nouns of superlative degree are always preceded by a definite article "The".
🔘The best book.
🔘The darkest cloud.
🔸Comparative Case: "The" is used in two cases
◾CASE 1:The faster you walk, the sooner you reach.
◾CASE 2:🔘He is the better of the two.
🔘She is the poorer of the two women.
🔸Metaphor:Sometimes "the" is used before a metaphor. In case of a metaphor one thing is treated as another thing.
🔘Delhi is the Paris of India.
#Rule57
🌀omission of article "THE"
🔸Names of Cities :
🔘Los Angeles, Alaska, Sydney, etc.
🔸Names of Countries: (except names of countries with abbreviated form)
🔘Australia, Bolivia, England,
France, Spain, etc.
🔸Names of continents
🔘Asia, Europe, Australia,Africa, South America, North America, Antarctica.
🔸Names of streets
🔘George Street, Albion Street
🔸Names of languages: Spanish, Russian, English (When 'the' precedes these nouns, they refer to the population of those languages.)
🔸Names of sports: cricket, football, basketball, etc.
⛔In normal cases, we do not use any article before
these words - season, language, drinks, meals, God,
life, money, etc.
#Rule58
🌀Use of "the + Adjective":
🔷Whenever the article " the" is used before an adjective, it determines the whole group.
🔆The poor - poor people
🔆The brave— brave people
🔆The rich-- Rich people
Ex: 🔸The honest are respected [`The'+ 'adjectives' = Plural noun]It means Honest people.
🔸I met the poor people on the way ❌
I met the poor on the way ✅
The poor ----poor people. So don't use the poor people.
#Rule59
1st person.-----I , We
2nd person -----you
3rd person -----he,she,it,they
🌀when two or more singular pronoun of different persons come together,
🔘the pronoun of 2nd person singular comes first, the pronoun of 1st person singular comes last, and the pronoun of 3rd perosn singular comes in between.
2 ------3 -----1 (order for singular)
🔷Ex:🔆I , you, he must work together ❌
🔆you, he, I must work together ✅
🌀when two or more plural pronoun of different persons come together,
🔘the pronoun of 1st person plural comes first, then 2nd person plural and last of all 3rd person plural comes.
1 ------2-----3 (order for plural)
🔷Ex:🔆 You, they and we must work together❌
🔆We, you, they must work together ✅
🌀generally talk about some mistake,blame or guilt.
Ex:🔆 I, you and he are guilty. [the sequence of 123 of the pronouns]
🔆I, you and he are robbers [the sequence of 123 of the pronouns]
#Rule60
🌀Whenever same nouns are connected by preposition, in that case we use both the nouns in singular form.
Ex:🔆Villages after villages were destroyed by the terrorists.❌
🔆Village after village were destroyed by the terrorists.✅
🔆Books after books had been read by him.❌
🔆Book after book had been read by him.✅
#Rule61
🌀Certain nouns whose plurals should be known:
🔸Commander-in-chief
Commanders-in-chief
🔸Sister-in-law
Sisters-in-law
🔸Passer-by
Passers-by
🔸Looker-on
Lookers-on
🌀To show possession in case of Compound Nouns, we always use apostrophe (`s) at the end.
Ex:🔆Sister-in-law's car. [Possession of Compound Noun]
#Rule62
🌀Whenever "male" or "female" is used before a noun, it means that we are describing its characteristics.
Ex:🔆Female watch [means the watches specified for females]
🔆Female doctor [means the doctors specified for females]
🌀 But whenever we use "man" or "woman" is used before a noun, it means that we are describing the profession or post of that noun.
Ex:🔆Man soldier [means the soldier is a man]
🔆Woman student[means the student is woman]
🔸Raj went to a female doctor to get himself treated.❌
🔸Raj went to a woman doctor to get himself treated✅
#Rule63
🌀Antecedent Rule:
The noun or pronoun that comes just before a Relative pronoun is called an Antecedent.
🔷When there is no antecedent in a sentence, we use "whoever, whomever, etc."
🔷When there is antecedent in a sentence, we use "who, whom, etc."
Already we know who used for subjective case and whom used for objective case (refer #rule20)
Ex:🔆He saw ______ everyone admires. (who/whom/whoever/whomever)
🔆He saw her _____everyone admires. (who/whom/whoever/whomever)
🔷In first sentence no antecedent so we use whomever ✅
🔷In second sentence antecedent is there so we use whom ✅
#Rule64
🌀Rule of Question tags:
A small question is added at the end of a statement. This is called Question Tag.
🔸A question tag for a positive statement is always negative and vice-versa.
Ex:🔆He has worked very hard on this project, hasn't he?✅ [Negative question tag for a positive statement]
🔆He has not worked hard on this project, has he?✅ [Positive question tag for a negative statement]
#Rule65
🌀Certain words like "Seldom,barely, hardly, scarcely, never" often define a negative meaning to the statement, thus these should be followed by a positive question tag.
Ex:🔆He seldom comes to my house, does he?✅
[Positive question tag for a negative statement]
#Rule66
🌀When we use "Each or Every" in a sentence, a singular noun or pronoun is followed which is further followed by a singular verb.
🔷But in the case of question tag, noun or pronoun following "Each or Every" is considered plural and thus we use plural verb in question tag statement.
Ex:🔸Every girl is very talented, isn't she?❌
🔸Every girl is very talented, aren't they?✅
#Rule67
🌀It is important to note that question tag statement must be in same tense as the main statement.
Ex:🔸I am doing the work which you gave me, don't I?❌
🔸I am doing the work which you gave me, aren't I?✅
🔷The first statement is incorrect as the main statement is in Present Continuous Tense which the question tag statement doesn't follow.
🟢There is no such word "amn't". It should be written as "aren't I" which means "am I not".
#Rule68
🌀Use of the Prepositions "in on, and at":
⚫"in" implies Area/Volume🟧
"on" implies Surface.🔶
"at" implies Point.🔸
Time -------day < month< year
At < on < in
🔹"In" ----> town, cities, and countries in a wider sense while [ In Delhi, in Dubai, in Saudi Arabia ]
🔹'At' is used for speaking of comparatively smaller place [at Rohini in Delhi, at Laxminagar ]
Ex:🔆At 4 pm.
🔆On Sunday.
🔆 In 1947.
🔆On 15th August.
🟢There are certain words before which we don't use any preposition like
"last Monday, coming Monday, today, tomorrow, yesterday,etc."
Ex:🔆I am having dinner with Rachel tomorrow night.
🔆 I saw her yesterday afternoon.
#Rule69
🌀The conjunction "Both" is always followed by "and" and not "as well as".
Ex:🔆Both Ram as well as Shyam are good in English❌
🔆Both Ram and Shyam are good at English.✅
🔷good is always followed by the preposition "at" .
⚫Good at✅
⚫Good in❌
#Rule70
🌀Use of the conjunction "Lest":
🔸Lest means otherwise
The conjunction "lest" is always followed either by the verb "should" or no helping verb at all.
Ex:🔆Work hard, lest you would fail.❌
🔆Work hard, lest you fail✅
🔆 Work hard, lest you should fail.✅
#Rule71
🌀Use of "Until" and "Unless":
🔸Until - Time Oriented.
🔸Unless - Action Oriented.
Ex:🔆Wait for me until sunset. [referring Time]
🔆Unless the government reduces the tax, the tax-payer base will not increase.[referring Action]
⛔There is no difference in meaning between "till" and "until" as both mean "up to (the time that) ".
🔸However, we cannot use "till" at the beginning of the sentence which is not there with the case of "until".
#Rule72
🌀Use of proper Prepositions:
🔸It is important to use exact prepositions after the words.
🔘Superior to
🔘Older than
🔘Different from
🔘Better than
🔘Responsibility for
🔘Response to
🔘Reason for
🔘Reaction to
🔘Inquiry into
🔘Research into
🔘Advertisement for
🔘Example of / way of / impact of / awareness of / value of / experience of
🔘Congratulations on
🔘Seems to
Ex: 🔷This book is different from and better than that book.
◾Difference between changes in/ to :
🔆changes in -----Changes that happen
Ex : Changes in our diet have meant that more and more people suffer heart disease.
🔆changes to ------Changes that people purposely make
Ex : The director of studies must be informed of any changes to the timetable.
#Rule73
🌀Use of "too much" and "much too":
We use "much" and "too" together in two ways:
🔶 too much - we use "too much" as an Adjective.
🔶much too - we use "much too" as an Adverb.
Ex:🔆He is too much strong❌
🔆He is much too strong✅
🔆There is much too sugar❌
🔆There is too much sugar.✅
#Rule74
🌀Some Verbs play the role of Nouns, just by adding 's' at the end.
◾Examples:
VERB. NOUN
Belong. Belongings
Earning. Earnings
Surrounding. Surroundings
🔷Possessive Case is always followed by a Noun.
Ex:🔆His belongings were lost.
🔆His earnings are not enough.
🔆His surroundings are not clean.
🔘In the above examples, all three word following the
possessive case "his"-"belongings, earnings, and surroundings" are nouns.
🟢Some more examples of nouns which are always plural are Riches ,premises,spectacles, Bowels, Valuables, Proceeds,Movables, Wages,Thanks,Trousers, Goods, Socks, Scissors, Stockings, Surroundings"
#Rule75
🌀Use of the word "Politics":
🔸Politics---------field or a subject, it is used as "singular"
🔸Politics------- a set of political beliefs, it is used as "plural".
Ex:🔆Politics is a very dirty game.
🔆His politics are different from mine.
🔷 In the first example
"politics" is used as a whole field, so it requires a singular verb.
🔷In the second example
"politics" is used as political beliefs, thus it requires a plural verb.
#Rule76
🌀Usage of "Mathematics" and "Statistics":
🔶When these two words are used as a field or a subject, we consider them uncountable nouns and thus a singular verb is used.
🔶However, when the meaning of the word
"Mathematics" is "Calculation"
"Statistics" is "Data"
we use plural verb in both the cases.
Ex: 🔆Mathematics is an interesting subject. [Used as a subject]
🔆Mathematics are telling that he has made a lot of money. [Here it means "calculations"]
🔸Statistics is difficult to understand. [Used as a subject]
🔸Statistics tell us that it will rain today. [Here it means "data"]
The word "Data" is plural.
The singular form of "Data" is "Datum".
Ex:🔹Data warns us and
we will have to change our strategy.❌
🔹Data warn us and we will have to change our strategy.✅
#Rule77
🌀We use the article
"A" -------"One of many"
"The"--------"only one".
🔸"A" with the possessive case and
🔸"The" with the objective case.
Ex:🔆The brother of me is a scientist. [Objective case]
🔆 A brother of mine is a scientist. [Possessive case]
◾In the first sentence, "The brother of me" suggests that there is only one brother.
◾In the second example, "A brother of mine" suggests that there are many brothers.
Subjective. I Objective I posse
He Him his
She Her Hers
It. It Its
They. Them Theirs
I Me Mine
We. Us Ours
You You Yours
#Rule78
🌀Usage of "too", "as well" and "also":
🔸When we have to denote some extra thing in a sentence, we use these three words.
◾It is to be noted that " also" cannot be used at the end of the sentence.
However, "too" and "as well as" can be used at the end of the sentence.
Ex: 🔆I have brought a bag too. ✅
🔆I have brought a bag as well.✅
🔆I have brought a bag also.❌
🔆I have also brought a bag.✅
🟢NOTE : In normal cases,"too" and "so" are used to give negative sense to the sentence.
🔘Too -----addition
🔘Too -----High intensity
🔷When we use "too" with the meaning of "addition", we can use it at the end.
However, when we use "too" with the meaning of "high intensity", we cannot use it alone.
Too ----to. So -----that
Ex: 🔆She is too beautiful.❌[because it has a positive meaning]
🔆She is very beautiful.✅
🔆It is too hot to go outside.✅
🔆It is so hot that I cannot go outside.✅
🔆The question was too difficult to solve.✅
#Rule79
🌀Optative Sentences:
The sentence which expresses a prayer, keen wish,curse etc. is called an
optative sentence.
◾ This kind of sentence generally starts with 'may' and 'wish'. Sometimes, 'may' remains hidden.
🔷In the case of optative sentences, whether the subject is singular or plural,we use the base form of the verb.(v1)
Ex:🔆May God bless you
🔆Long live the king.
🔆May the almighty help in this tragedy!
🔆Wish you a happy journey together.
#Rule80
🌀Pseudo Subjects:
When in a sentence,irrespective of the presence of main subject, we have to talk about something which is not related to the main subject, in that case we use "pseudo subject".
Ex:🔆Being a rainy day, I did not go to school.❌
🔆It being a rainy day, I did not go to school.✅
🔷In the above example, there is no Subject of "rainy day",
"I" is the main Subject and has no relation with "rainy day". So to add a Subject, we use "It" as a Pseudo Subject.
Ex:🔆Being ill, he did not come to class.✅
🔷In the above example, there is no need of pseudo subject as "ill" in the first part refers to the main subject "he".
#Rule81
🌀Whenever infinitive (to+V1) in a sentence talks about a noun, it is always followed by a preposition.
Ex:🔆The child has no bed to sleep.❌
🔆The child has no bed to sleep in ✅ [Infinitive is used to talk about the noun "bed"]
🔆I have a pen to write with.✅[Infinitive is used to talk about the noun "pen"]
#Rule82
🌀When two different helping verbs are required in a sentence, we always use the main verb in both the cases.
Ex:🔆I have never and will never watch this movie.❌
🔆I have never watched and will never watch this movie.✅
◾Because have followed by V3 format
And will followed by v1 format.
#Rule83
🌀Certain words like "equipment, furniture,jewellery,luggage, machinery, poetry,scenery, information, advice,baggage, hair, etc." do not exist in their plural forms because they all are uncountable nouns.
Ex : 🔆His luggages was booked.❌
🔆His luggage was booked.✅
Star is a countable noun.
🌟 Rising star ❌
🌟 Rising stars ✅
#Rule84
🌀CONDITION RESULT
✴Simple Present
will-future or (Modal + infinitive) or, shall/can/may/must + V1
✴Simple Past
would + V1 or, could might/should + V1
✴Past Perfect
would + have + past participle (V3) or, could/might/ should + have + past participle (V3)
Ex: 🔅As soon as he will comes, I will ask him this question.❌
🔅As soon as he comes, I will ask him this question.✅
🔅He come earlier,I would have asked him this question❌
🔅Had he come earlier, I would have asked him this question.✅
#Rule85
🌀Use of Possessive case in a sentence: Possessive case is used after "all" and "both".
Ex:🔅My all students are very talented❌
🔅All my students are very talented✅
🔅My both friends are very talented❌
🔅Both my friends are very talented✅
🔷In the above examples, the possessive case " my" should be placed after "all" and "both" respectively.
#Rule86
🌀Superfluous Sentences:
🔹"Due to" is not used with "the reason" and vice versa.
Ex: 🔅Due to the reason that he is not well, he did not come to the class.❌
🔅He did not come to the class due to sickness.✅
#Rule87
🌀Usage of the word "quantity":
♦When the word "quantity" is used in the sentence, we cannot use "little", few", etc. with it.
♻We can only use "small" with it.
Ex: 🔅Little quantity of food was wasted.❌
🔅Few quantity of food was wasted.❌
🔅Small quantity of food was wasted.✅
#Rule88
🌀Use of preposition with the word "Die":
♻We use either the preposition
" of " or "from"
🔸We use "Die of "
whenever it is talked about a disease.
🔸We use "Die from"
whenever it is talked about the reason.
Ex:🔅She died from overwork.[Reason]
🔅He died of cancer.[Disease]
🔅Trees are dying from acid rain.[Reason]
#Rule89
🌀 Difference between
"Beside" and "Besides":
▪Beside is a preposition, which means at the side of,next to.
▪ Besides is a linking adverb, which means in addition to; also.
Ex:🔅Come and sit here beside me.✔
🔅 Do you play any other sports besides basket-
ball?✔
🔅Besides being a doctor, he is also an actor. ✔
#Rule90
🌀Certain words like friendly,miserly, cowardly, monthly,yearly, weekly, manly, orderly etc." are adjectives and can only be used as an adjective.We cannot use them as adverb.
Ex:🔅He behaved friendly.❌
🔅He behaved in a friendly manner.✅
♦In the first example, "friendly" is used as an adverb, which is incorrect.
♻It should be rewritten as the second statement where friendly" is used as an adjective.
🔅This was a particularly brutal and cowardly attack.[Adjective]
#Rule91
🌀Position of Adverbs:
We place an adverb generally at three different positions in a sentence:
🔸 Starting of Sentence
🔸Between helping verb and main verb
🔸 At the end
🛑NOTE : An adverb can never be placed between main verb and object.
Ex:🔅He comes often to my house.❌
🔅He often comes to my house.✅
🔹In the first sentence, "comes" is the main verb and "often" is an adverb. So we cannot place adverb between the main verb and the object.
🔹The second sentence is the correct order of the sentence structure.
🔅He tells always the truth.❌
🔅He always tells the truth.✅
#Rule92
🌀Whenever we place multiple adverbs in a sentence, in that case we follow a particular order:
♻Adverb of Manner --> how
Adverb of Place --> where
Adverb of Time --->when
🔘[MPT order]
Ex:🔅I walked yesterday slowly.❌
🔅 I walked slowly yesterday.✅
🔅I have to run quickly (manner) down the street (place) each morning after breakfast(time)✅
#Rule93
🌀Difference between "Elder" and "Older":
🔸"elder" is used for someone who is in our family. 🔸"older" is used for someone who is not in family.
🌀Difference between "Later" and "Latter":
🔸later when referring to time
🔸while we use latter when referring to the second of two persons or things mentioned previously.
🌀Difference between "Farther" and "Further":
🔸"farther" is used for more distant object(distance).
🔸"further" is used for extra or additional point.
🌀Difference between "Less" and "Lesser":
🔸" Less" is used to denote something smaller in size, measurement, duration, number etc.
🔸"Lesser" is used to denote something not so great as the other one.
#Rule94
🌀When "but, except, or between" are used as preposition, it must followed by the objective case and not the subjective case.
🔸 objective case (me, him, her, you, us, them, etc.)
🔸subjective case (I, he, she, you, we, they, etc.) .
Ex:🔅There is friendship between you and I.❌
🔅There is friendship between you and me.✅
#Rule95
🌀When we use the word
"such" --------- "as" its connector.
"Else" --------- "but"
"Other' and "otherwise" ---------"than"
Ex: 🔅He is such a person that
you mentioned.❌
🔅He is such a person as you mentioned.✅
🔅Such a book as this is referred by a teacher.✅
🔅 They want nothing else but to have their honor and dignity .✅
#Rule96
🌀There are certain words which are never followed by Noun.
🔸"afraid, asleep, due,ready, unable, alike, aware,glad, sorry, well, alone, ill,sure,worth. etc."
Ex: 🔅We were unable to contact him at the time.✅
🔅The army is said to be ready for action. ✅
🔅I am glad to know the parcel arrived safely.✅
🔅 He likes being alone in
the house.✅
#Rule97
🌀consider these error
Ex :🔅I am an English teacher❌
🔅I am a teacher of English.✅
🔸All his family members were going to the temple.❌
🔸All the members of his family were going to the temple.✅
#Rule98
🌀Certain words like "belongings, savings congratulations, scissors,proceeds, surroundings regards, pliers, tongs, jeans, pyjamas,shorts, glasses,clothes, thanks,goggles,premises,earnings
Ex: 🔅His belongings were lost.✅
🔅These scissors are for cutting paper.✅
🔅Your clothes are dirty✅
🔅Have you seen my glasses?✅
#Rule99
🔸Inning is no word. The actual word is 'Innings' and is always used in the singular sense.
🔸Agendum is not used in English. Agenda(Programme of a meeting) is treated as singular in English.
🔸"Goodnight" is a parting salutation, but "Good evening" is a meeting salutation from evening till midnight.
🔸 "Wage" singular---'punishment' but plural---- it means charges for the `labor'.
#Rule100
🌀certain noun singular and plural meaning is changed
🔸Advice means suggestion
Advices means information.
🔸Air means the mixture of gases that surrounds the earth.
Airs means arrogance.
🔸Wood means timber.
Woods means forest.
🔸 Iron means a chemical element.
Irons means fetters, chain.
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